The Scree Vegetation on the South-facing Slopes of Pršivec (Lake Bohinj, Yugoslavia)

Durch Verwitterung felsiger Bergmassive entstandene, ausgedehnte Schuttabhänge kommen in allen Gebirgen vor. Vom Gesteinscharakter, Meereshöhe, Lage und Grad der Schutthangstabilisierung abhängend, bildet sich auf ihnen eine Pflanzendecke — von den Pionierpflanzengesellschaften bis zum Wald. Vom Standpunkt der Sukzession und Dynamik der Pflanzengesellchaften erfordern diese Pionierphytozönosen ein eingehenderes Studium. Das Ziel dieses Beitrages ist auf die Bestände hinzuweisen, die wir im August 1986 auf dem Berg Prsivec oberhalb des Bohinj—Sees (Julische Alpen) beobachteten.Autor donosi kratki fitocenološki prikaz vegetacije točila na južnim obroncima Pršivca povrh Bohinjskog jezera u Sloveniji. Floristički sastav vegetacije koju autor označava kao zajednica vrste Silene glareosa, prikazan je na fitocenološkoj tabeli, a u sintaksonomskom pogledu svrstana je u svezu Stipion calamcugrostis iz reda Stipetalia calamagrostis, odnosno razreda Thlaspietea rotundifolii.The paper deals with vegetation on mobile scree habitats at Prsivec Mt., Julian Alps., N Yugoslavia. The studied plant communities with Silene glareosa are of a pioneer colonizing character. The screes are derived from Upper Triassic (Dachstein) Limestone and occur in recent erosion dales. The plant community of Silene glareosa includes Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Rumex scutatus, Scrophularia canina subsp. hoppei, Galium lucidum and other species. It belongs to a group of Silene vulgaris agg. dominated scree communities known from the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkan Mountains. Syntaxonomically it is classified within a thermophilous alliance, the Stipion calamagrostis (Stipetalia calamagrostis)

Vegetation of Europe: hierarchical floristic classification system of vascular plant, bryophyte, lichen, and algal communities

Vegetation classification consistent with the Braun-Blanquet approach is widely used in Europe for applied vegetation science, conservation planning and land management. During the long history of syntaxonomy, many concepts and names of vegetation units have been proposed, but there has been no single classification system integrating these units. Here we (1) present a comprehensive, hierarchical, syntaxonomic system of alliances, orders and classes of Braun-Blanquet syntaxonomy for vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen, and algal communities of Europe; (2) briefly characterize in ecological and geographic terms accepted syntaxonomic concepts; (3) link available synonyms to these accepted concepts; and (4) provide a list of diagnostic species for all classes. Location: European mainland, Greenland, Arctic archipelagos (including Iceland, Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya), Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Caucasus, Cyprus. Methods: We evaluated approximately 10 000 bibliographic sources to create a comprehensive list of previously proposed syntaxonomic units. These units were evaluated by experts for their floristic and ecological distinctness, clarity of geographic distribution and compliance with the nomenclature code. Accepted units were compiled into three systems of classes, orders and alliances (EuroVegChecklist, EVC) for communities dominated by vascular plants (EVC1), bryophytes and lichens (EVC2) and algae (EVC3). Results: EVC1 includes 109 classes, 300 orders and 1108 alliances; EVC2 includes 27 classes, 53 orders and 137 alliances, and EVC3 includes 13 classes, 24 orders and 53 alliances. In total 13 448 taxa were assigned as indicator species to classes of EVC1, 2087 to classes of EVC2 and 368 to classes of EVC3. Accepted syntaxonomic concepts are summarized in a series of appendices, and detailed information on each is accessible through the software tool EuroVegBrowser. Conclusions: This paper features the first comprehensive and critical account of European syntaxa and synthesizes more than 100 yr of classification effort by European phytosociologists. It aims to document and stabilize the concepts and nomenclature of syntaxa for practical uses, such as calibration of habitat classification used by the European Union, standardization of terminology for environmental assessment, management and conservation of nature areas, landscape planning and education. The presented classification systems provide a baseline for future development and revision of European syntaxonomy.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

EUNIS Habitat Classification: Expert system, characteristic species combinations and distribution maps of European habitats

Aim: The EUNIS Habitat Classification is a widely used reference framework for European habitat types (habitats), but it lacks formal definitions of individual habitats that would enable their unequivocal identification. Our goal was to develop a tool for assigning vegetation‐plot records to the habitats of the EUNIS system, use it to classify a European vegetation‐plot database, and compile statistically‐derived characteristic species combinations and distribution maps for these habitats. Location: Europe. Methods: We developed the classification expert system EUNIS‐ESy, which contains definitions of individual EUNIS habitats based on their species composition and geographic location. Each habitat was formally defined as a formula in a computer language combining algebraic and set‐theoretic concepts with formal logical operators. We applied this expert system to classify 1,261,373 vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and other databases. Then we determined diagnostic, constant and dominant species for each habitat by calculating species‐to‐habitat fidelity and constancy (occurrence frequency) in the classified data set. Finally, we mapped the plot locations for each habitat. Results: Formal definitions were developed for 199 habitats at Level 3 of the EUNIS hierarchy, including 25 coastal, 18 wetland, 55 grassland, 43 shrubland, 46 forest and 12 man‐made habitats. The expert system classified 1,125,121 vegetation plots to these habitat groups and 73,188 to other habitats, while 63,064 plots remained unclassified or were classified to more than one habitat. Data on each habitat were summarized in factsheets containing habitat description, distribution map, corresponding syntaxa and characteristic species combination. Conclusions: EUNIS habitats were characterized for the first time in terms of their species composition and distribution, based on a classification of a European database of vegetation plots using the newly developed electronic expert system EUNIS‐ESy. The data provided and the expert system have considerable potential for future use in European nature conservation planning, monitoring and assessment

Distribution maps of vegetation alliances in Europe

Aim: The first comprehensive checklist of European phytosociological alliances, orders and classes (EuroVegChecklist) was published by Mucina et al. (2016, Applied Vegetation Science, 19 (Suppl. 1), 3–264). However, this checklist did not contain detailed information on the distribution of individual vegetation types. Here we provide the first maps of all alliances in Europe. Location: Europe, Greenland, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Cyprus and the Caucasus countries. Methods: We collected data on the occurrence of phytosociological alliances in European countries and regions from literature and vegetation-plot databases. We interpreted and complemented these data using the expert knowledge of an international team of vegetation scientists and matched all the previously reported alliance names and concepts with those of the EuroVegChecklist. We then mapped the occurrence of the EuroVegChecklist alliances in 82 territorial units corresponding to countries, large islands, archipelagos and peninsulas. We subdivided the mainland parts of large or biogeographically heterogeneous countries based on the European biogeographical regions. Specialized alliances of coastal habitats were mapped only for the coastal section of each territorial unit. Results: Distribution maps were prepared for 1,105 alliances of vascular-plant dominated vegetation reported in the EuroVegChecklist. For each territorial unit, three levels of occurrence probability were plotted on the maps: (a) verified occurrence; (b) uncertain occurrence; and (c) absence. The maps of individual alliances were complemented by summary maps of the number of alliances and the alliance–area relationship. Distribution data are also provided in a spreadsheet. Conclusions: The new map series represents the first attempt to characterize the distribution of all vegetation types at the alliance level across Europe. There are still many knowledge gaps, partly due to a lack of data for some regions and partly due to uncertainties in the definition of some alliances. The maps presented here provide a basis for future research aimed at filling these gaps

Sintaksonomija robne vegetacije na Slovaškem v odnosu s sosednjimi območji – predhodna uvrstitev

A brief overview of syntaxa of the class Trifolio-Geranietea in Slovakia in comparison with the other parts of Europe is presented. Fringe vegetation is discussed in terms of its ecological and structural peculiarities, manifestation in distribution, with the major emphasis on characteristics of individual plant communities. The distribution of fringe species and plant communities at the alliances level in relation with the altitude and some phytogeographical aspects is pointed out. The altitudinal occurrence increases from Scandinavia, where the stands do not exceed 100 m, to the high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. Comparably to other Central European countries, in Slovakia the optimum level is 300–600 m. The fact that, in southern Europe, fringe species are closely bound to shady forests or to more humid habitats, compared to central and northern Europe, where they relate to the open grasslands, is also discussed. In Slovakia, similarly to the other Central European countries (except Hungary), the concept of separate orders was adopted very quickly. For the (sub)-continental xerophilous and mesophilous, through thermophilous fringes of the order Origanetalia vulgaris the two alliances, Geranion sanguinei and Trifolion medii, with a delicate transition from one to another, were recognised. The acidophilous fringes with sub-Atlantic distribution were classified separately into the order Melampyro-Holcetalia with only one alliance Teucrion scorodoniae.V članku je predstavljen kratek pregled sintaksonov razreda Trifolio-Geranietea in primerjava z ostalimi deli Evrope. Prikazane so ekološke in strukturne posebnosti robne vegetacije, njena razširjenost s poudarkom na značilnostih posameznih rastlinskih združb. Izpostavljena je razširjenost robnih rastlinskih vrst in združb na nivoju zvez v povezavi z nadmorsko višino in nekaterimi fitogeografskimi aspekti. Pojavljanje na različnih nadmorskih višinah se povečuje od Skandinavije, kjer se sestoji ne pojavljajo višje kot 100 m, do visokih gorovij Balkanskega polotoka. Podobno kot v ostalih predelih srednje Evrope je optimum uspevanja na Slovaškem na nadmorski višini med 300 in 600 m. Obravnavano je tudi dejstvo, da so robne vrste v južni Evropi močno navezane na senčne gozdove oziroma vlažna rastišča, medtem ko se v severni pojavljajo na odprtih traviščih. Na Slovaškem je bil kmalu sprejet koncept dveh ločenih redov, podobno kot v ostalih srednjeevropskih državah z izjemo Madžarske. (Sub)kontinentalne kserofilne in mezofilne, tudi termofilne robne združbe reda Origanetalia vulgaris uvrščamo v zvezi Geranion sanguinei in Trifolion medii, ki prehajata druga v drugo. Acidofilne robove s subatlantsko razširjenostjo pa uvrščamo v poseben red Melampyro-Holcetalia z eno samo zvezo Teucrion scorodoniae

Sukcesijski model z vrsto Corynephorus canescens na opuščenih peščenih poljih (zahodna Slovaška)

The succession of vegetation on acidic sandy fields after abandonment was studied and obtained results were compared with similar data from eastern part of Europe. The vegetation changes head towards oligotrophic Corynephorus-grasslands, because nutrients from the upper layer of soils are gradually washed out. Dry, occasionally blowing sand enables the growth of psammophytes very well. The paper compares the succession models on abandoned sandy fields, and semi-natural acidic sandy dunes in western part of Slovakia, southern Moravia, Hungary and Croatia. In spite of amazing similarities, some differences are displayed using spectra of life forms and presentation of weeds.Proučevali smo sukcesijo vegetacije na opuščenih kislih peščenih poljih in primerjali rezultate s podobnimi podatki iz vzhodne Evrope. Spremembe vegetacije so usmerjene proti oligotrofnim traviščem z vrsto Corynephorus, saj se hranila postopomo izperejo iz zgornjih talnih plasti. Suh pesek, ki ga občasno prinese veter omogoča uspevanje psamofitom. V članku smo primerjali sukcesijske modele na opuščenih peščenih poljih in polnaravnih kislih peščenih Dinah v zahodnem delu Slovaške, južne Moravske, Madžarske in Hrvaške. Kljub veliki podobnosti smo izpostavili določene razlike s spektrom življenskih oblik in prisotnostjo plevelnih vrst

Variabilität und Verbreitung der Gesellschaften mit Asplenium septentrionale in der Slowakei

Ökologische und floristische Unterschiede zwischen zwei Typen von Felsstandorten mit Asplenium septentrionale werden behandelt. Auf Grundlage der Standortsbedingungen und der floristischen Struktur können in den Westkarpaten das Woodsio ilvensis-Asplenietum septentrionalis R.Tx. 1937 auf mehr mesophilen und basenreichen Felsen sowie die stärker xerotherme und azidophile Asplenium septentrionale-Gesellschaft unterschieden werden.Ecological and floristical differentiation of rock plant communities dominated by Asplenium septentrionale were studied in the western Carpathians. Based on habitat and floristic structure, two associations can be distinguished: Woodsio ilvensis-Asplenietum septentrionalis R.Tx. 1937 on the most mesic, basic rock; and on the most xeric, acidic habitat, an unranked Asplenium septentrionale-community

Razred Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii Ohba 1974 tudi v Zahodnih Karpatih

A class Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii is for the first time accepted in the hierarchical system of higher syntaxa in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia). On the basis of 10 relevés, obtained in the Belianske Tatry Mts during the period 1983–2004, syntaxonomic comparison was made with the data from the neighbouring mountain ranges and countries (Alps – Austria, Italy, and Eastern Carpathians – Romania, Ukraine). Floristic, phytogeographical and ecological peculiarities are presented in the synoptic table, and the positions of the fragments of glacial relict vegetation type are discussed in the framework of whole areas of wind edge naked rush and dwarf-shrub heath communities.Razred Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii je prvič predstavljen v hierarhičnem sistemu višjih sintaksonov vegetacije Zahodnih Karpatov (Slovaška). Na podlagi 10 popisov, opravljenih v gorovju Belianske Tatry v obdobju 1983–2004, smo naredili sintaksonomsko primerjavo s popisi iz bližnjih gorovij in držav (Alpe – Avstrija, Italija in Vzhodni Karpati – Romunija, Ukrajina). Floristične, fitogeografske in ekološke posebnosti so predstavljene v sinoptični tabeli. Položaj fragmentov glacialnoreliktne vegetacije je predstavljen v okviru celotnega areala združb trikrpega ločja in alpinskih resav s pritlikavim grmičjem

Vegetacija zidov v starih kraljevih rudarskih mestih v srednji Slovaški

During May, 2013, the vegetation on city walls has been studied in five old royal mining towns of Central Slovakia (Banská Belá, Banská Štiavnica, Kremnica, Nová Baňa, and Pukanec). In the four last-named towns, phytocoenological material was recorded according to the Braun-Blanquet method, providing 41 relevés. Analysis of data (Twinspan , DCA) grouped the relevés into four clusters: ass. Cymbalarietum muralis, Corydalidetum luteae, Asplenietum rutae-murarie-trichomanis, and the most hemerobic community dominated by Chelidonium majus. All communities are generally rather heterogeneous, with a large range of number of species and with frequent participation of accessory plants. In the observed localities, 22 opilithic mosses and 2 liverworts were recorded: the most common species appears Encalypta streptocarpa, Homalothecium sericeum, Tortula muralis, Hypnum cupressiforme, Schistidium apocarpum agg., and Bryum caespiticium.Maja 2013 smo vzorčili vegetacijo mestnih zidov v petih starih kraljevih rudarskih mestih v srednji Slovaški (Banská Belá, Banská Štiavnica, Kremnica, Nová Baňa in Pukanec). V zadnjih štirh mestih smo naredili 41 vegetacijskih popisov po Braun-Blanquetovi metodi. Z analizo podatkov (Twinspan , DCA) smo dobili štiri klastre: Cymbalarietum muralis, Corydalidetum luteae, Asplenietum rutae-murarie-trichomanis in združbo z največjo hemerobijo v kateri dominira vrsta Chelidonium majus. Vse združbe so splošno zelo raznolike z velikim spektrom vrst v katerih so zelo pogoste slučajne vrste. Na proučevanih lokacijah smo zabeležili 22 epilitskih mahov and 2 jeternjaka. Najbolj pogoste vrste so: Encalypta streptocarpa, Homalothecium sericeum, Tortula muralis, Hypnum cupressiforme, Schistidium apocarpum agg. in Bryum caespiticium